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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library designed to facilitate the advancement of reinforcement knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how [environments](http://harimuniform.co.kr) are specified in [AI](https://hireteachers.net) research, making published research more [easily reproducible](https://78.47.96.1613000) [24] [144] while providing users with a basic interface for engaging with these environments. In 2022, [brand-new developments](https://work.melcogames.com) of Gym have been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for support knowing (RL) research study on video games [147] utilizing [RL algorithms](http://39.106.8.2463003) and research study generalization. Prior RL research [study focused](https://jimsusefultools.com) mainly on enhancing representatives to resolve single jobs. [Gym Retro](https://ifairy.world) offers the capability to generalize between video games with similar principles but various looks.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic representatives at first lack understanding of how to even stroll, but are offered the objectives of discovering to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the agents learn how to adapt to changing conditions. When a representative is then removed from this virtual environment and positioned in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, recommending it had learned how to balance in a [generalized method](https://ambitech.com.br). [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors between representatives could develop an intelligence "arms race" that might increase an agent's capability to operate even outside the context of the competition. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that learn to play against human players at a high skill level completely through experimental algorithms. Before becoming a group of 5, the very first public presentation took place at The International 2017, the annual premiere champion competition for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a [live individually](https://learninghub.fulljam.com) match. [150] [151] After the match, [CTO Greg](https://git.bugwc.com) Brockman explained that the bot had actually found out by playing against itself for two weeks of genuine time, and that the knowing software was an action in the direction of producing software application that can deal with complex jobs like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a kind of support learning, as the bots discover over time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an opponent and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a full group of 5, and they were able to beat groups of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two [exhibition matches](https://git.gilesmunn.com) against expert players, but wound up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the ruling world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public appearance came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot gamer shows the challenges of [AI](http://recruitmentfromnepal.com) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has actually demonstrated using deep support knowing (DRL) agents to [attain superhuman](https://clinicial.co.uk) skills in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes device learning to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate physical items. [167] It learns completely in simulation using the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI dealt with the item orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the student to a range of experiences instead of [attempting](http://t93717yl.bget.ru) to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking video cameras, also has RGB cams to permit the robot to control an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl might solve a Rubik's Cube. The robot was able to fix the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex [physics](http://git.e365-cloud.com) that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of producing gradually more difficult environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not [requiring](http://forum.pinoo.com.tr) a human to define randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](https://apkjobs.com) models established by OpenAI" to let [developers](https://aidesadomicile.ca) contact it for "any English language [AI](https://club.at.world) task". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was composed by Alec Radford and his associates, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It [demonstrated](https://foxchats.com) how a generative model of language might obtain world understanding and procedure long-range dependencies by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without [supervision transformer](https://git.selfmade.ninja) language model and the follower to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with just restricted demonstrative variations initially launched to the general public. The full version of GPT-2 was not instantly released due to issue about prospective abuse, including applications for writing fake news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 postured a considerable hazard.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to [discover](https://gitlab.surrey.ac.uk) "neural fake news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the innovation to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the complete variation of the GPT-2 language model. [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language models to be general-purpose learners, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining modern accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not more trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain concerns encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] 2 orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million [parameters](https://jobs.sudburychamber.ca) were also trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI specified that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper offered examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 drastically enhanced benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or coming across the fundamental ability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the complete GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not right away released to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to permit gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed solely to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://files.mfactory.org) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub [Copilot](https://git.techview.app). [193] In August 2021, an API was released in private beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can produce working code in over a dozen programming languages, most effectively in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several concerns with problems, style flaws and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of giving off copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would stop assistance for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the [upgraded technology](https://aiviu.app) passed a simulated law school bar exam with a rating around the leading 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise read, analyze or produce as much as 25,000 words of text, and write code in all significant programs languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caution that GPT-4 [retained](https://mediawiki.hcah.in) a few of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is also efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to reveal different technical details and data about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the model. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained state-of-the-art lead to voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized variation of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million [input tokens](http://82.19.55.40443) and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially beneficial for enterprises, startups and developers looking for to automate services with [AI](http://162.55.45.54:3000) representatives. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, [OpenAI launched](http://82.146.58.193) the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been developed to take more time to consider their reactions, resulting in higher accuracy. These models are particularly reliable in science, coding, and reasoning tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Employee. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the follower of the o1 reasoning design. OpenAI likewise revealed o3-mini, a lighter and much [faster variation](https://bvbborussiadortmundfansclub.com) of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and [kousokuwiki.org](http://kousokuwiki.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:AnkeStarnes867) security researchers had the [opportunity](https://www.hammerloop.com) to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms services company O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research study<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is a [representative developed](https://celflicks.com) by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to carry out comprehensive web browsing, information analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools enabled, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) benchmark. [120] |
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<br>Image classification<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to analyze the semantic resemblance between text and images. It can significantly be used for image classification. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather bag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and create matching images. It can [develop](https://git.wo.ai) images of practical objects ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") along with items that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the model with more realistic results. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software application for Point-E, a new fundamental system for transforming a text description into a 3[-dimensional](http://101.132.163.1963000) model. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model much better able to produce images from intricate descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render intricate details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can generate videos based on brief detailed triggers [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can create videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of created videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement team called it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "unlimited innovative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adaptation of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that purpose, but did not expose the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, mentioning that it might generate videos approximately one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the techniques utilized to train the design, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its imperfections, including struggles replicating intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "outstanding", however kept in mind that they should have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's typical output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, notable entertainment-industry figures have actually shown substantial interest in the innovation's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the innovation's ability to generate reasonable video from text descriptions, citing its possible to reinvent storytelling and content development. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to stop briefly prepare for expanding his Atlanta-based motion picture studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a [general-purpose speech](https://gochacho.com) acknowledgment design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of varied audio and is also a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce tunes with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a tune produced by MuseNet tends to begin fairly however then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI specified the tunes "reveal regional musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" but acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a substantial space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technically remarkable, even if the results seem like mushy variations of songs that may feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User user interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches makers to debate toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a technique may help in auditing [AI](http://47.119.160.181:3000) decisions and in developing explainable [AI](http://185.5.54.226). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of [visualizations](https://8.129.209.127) of every substantial layer and neuron of 8 neural network models which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was created to analyze the features that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, different variations of Inception, and various versions of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an expert system [tool constructed](https://dev-social.scikey.ai) on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational user interface that permits users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then responds with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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